Sandra Cisneross Once Again I Prove the Theory of Relativity
The focus of Criminal behavior study is to understand offender better and respond questions like: who criminals are, why exercise they commit an offence (In gild to define means of preventing criminal), how do they think, what do they exercise (in gild to predict their future deportment and help investigation in communicable offenders).
Andrews & Bonta, 1998 offered four full general definitions of criminal beliefs that will fit all the types of it. These four areas include the following types of act:
- Prohibited by law and are punished past the state
- Considered to be violation moral or religious code and is believed to exist punishable past a Supreme Spiritual being such as God
- Violate norms of society or traditions and are believed to be punishable by customs
- Acts causing serious psychological stress or mental damage to a victim, but is somewhat affordable for offender (referred as "Psychological criminal beliefs" ).
From the all stated to a higher place a general definition of criminal behavior can be stated as "Any kind of antisocial behavior, which is punishable by law or norms, stated by community," therefore, it is very difficult to define it, because the acts, being considered every bit violation at 1 point of time at present is accepted by community.
It is important to distinguish Delinquency from criminal human action. The get-go one refers to acts, that are prohibited by social norms, while the 2nd i is violation of existing laws divers by a land.
This field includes studying of risk factors and measuring criminal offence in order to assist in prevention meres.
A adventure gene in misdeed is anything in a persons psychology, what volition somewhat increase possibility, that he/she will get involved in a criminal activity. These may include beliefs disorder, lack of education, media influence, poor personal temperament, depression IQ, antisocial beliefs, influence of club or a poor integration in it, poor parenting, etc… You tin can learn more well-nigh these factors in causes and theories of criminal behavior.
Criminal behavior normally is measured by arrests and charges, self-reported offences (which is believed by some to be more than authentic), bodily offense rates, which are usually obtained by governmental organs. By using this kind of information criminal offence reports are generated, which helps to generally categorize crimes past type and offender characteristics such as gender, age, race and location.
Causes of criminal beliefs
The reasons behind criminal behavior can vary a lot in each particular example, but still they can be grouped in 2 main categories – genetics and environment.
When in the mid 19thursday century the question almost the causes of criminal behavior was raised, a lot of psychologists were insisting that the only reason is genetics. They fifty-fifty considered that a person'south inclination to criminal could be measured according to the parents mental condition, i.east. if they had some even small-scale mental problems theirs son/girl was more likely to become a criminal. The scientists had their versions of solving a problem, simply is information technology off-white if the people with higher take chances of committing a law-breaking would not be allowed past the state and guild to live normally and have children?
As the time passed more and more researches and experiments were held and mod approach to this question is that of form genetics is really important reason behind criminal behaviour, but the environment is also as of import as it. This includes the family the child is born and raised in, the instance parents and family can requite them, the social status they have, education, etc.
Nowadays the psychologists and criminalists concord that what drives a person to criminal behavior is really complex and complicated machinery, involving a lot of factors. We can imagine a child, who was born in a "criminal" family (mother is schizopreniac, father is rapist and murderer) merely subsequently he got an education and a job there is naught antisocial in his behaviors. It proves that solely genetics can't determine ane's inclination to the criminal.
And so, it is impossible to predict a person's "criminality" co-ordinate to some specific factors, but we tin can however highlight some circumstances and apply a person to a "relatively higher criminal run a risk group".
- Financial problems, or starvation – this is especially mutual problem in third world countries. When a person has to struggle every day but to get nutrient to survive, the probability that they become thieves is high.
- Low social condition – when one is bullied because of it, they may easily go aggressors and fight back against the whole social club.
- Genetics – some genetical mental disorders, itself, includes increased aggression.
- Etc.
Theories of criminal behavior
In order to find the best ways to handle and prevent offense, examining why practise people commit crime is very important. Many theories have appeared and are appearing since beginning of this study seeking to observe the best solutions for this problem. Those theories are continuing and will always influence forensic/criminal psychologist's work. I will write a cursory review of bones and other more or less popular theories of criminal behavior. Though these theories are somewhen modified, I will try to be equally accurate as possible.
Three broad models of criminal behaviors are the following: psychological, sociological and biological models. Actually, it is difficult to completely separate them and it is generally accepted, that all of them play a role in the interpretation of behavior. Though psychological principles can be applied across all the iii models, they all take some specific ones, which would aid in implementing across different law-breaking command policies.
Psychological Approaches
There are several fundamental assumptions, that are common for all the psychological approaches to criminal behavior. These are the following:
- The individual is the primary unit of analysis. (Individual human being is considered to be responsible for acts he/she conducted)
- Personality drives behavior within individuals, because information technology is the major motivational element.
- Crimes can event from aberrant, dysfunctional or inappropriate mental processes within the individual's personality.
- An individual may have purpose of criminal behavior if it addresses certain felt needs.
- Normality is more often than not defined past social consensus, that is, what is considered every bit "typical," "normal," or "adequate" by the majority of individuals in a sure social grouping.
- Defective or abnormal, mental processes may be caused past a diverseness of factors such as diseased mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the emulation of inappropriate function models, and adjustment to inner conflicts.
In short, crime command policy based on psychological principles targets individuals and tries to prevent criminal behavior from this point. Any policy aimed at preventing crime by targeting persons such as grooming, education, promotion of self-sensation, rehabilitation, resocialization or identification risks of criminal behavior are psychological in nature. In addition, psychologists have long recognized that the best predictor of future behavior is past beliefs of the individual (Mischel, W. 1968).
Sociological Approaches
In this approach scientists are examining criminal beliefs from a sociological signal of view. The majority of sociological theories believe, that the criminal behavior mainly is influenced by combination of social surrounding, political and economical factors.
Offenders are not necessarily viewed as bad people, these theories trend to look at social context of a person's situation, examining his race, neighborhood, intelligence, teaching, family unit, political and media influence, income level, task and career, childhood history to decide why did he/she become criminal.There are many different theories seeking to explain criminal behavior such as: Social Structure Theory (which itself consists of Social disorganization, Strain and Cultural deviance theories) differential association, theory of anomie, neutralization theory, Social Control Theory and many others.
The key idea of Differential association theory, created by Edwin H. Sutherland is, that criminal behavior is learned through advice with other people. Though that interaction Values, techniques and mental attitude to things is learned, that motivates time to come beliefs and in the following case it is criminal act. Indeed, the more a person sees delinquent acts, which are not criticized by the surrounding community, the higher is the chance of him/her committing such deed.
According to social control theory, if social bounds of a person is weak, he/she will more likely conduct a criminal act, because people care what others thinks of them and endeavour to suit with social expectations because of their attachment to others.
Biological Approaches
Biological theories purport, that criminal behavior is caused past some flaw in private'due south biological makeup. According to Raine Study, the causes may exist Heredity, Neurotransmitter dysfunction and encephalon abnormalities, which could be caused either by the beginning two or trauma. Many theories are sharing biological approaches such equally: Trait and psychodynamic trait theories, Lombroso's Theory, Y Chromosome Theory and others.
In that location are several types of offense control, which involve artificial interference in human being biological science such as Psychosurgery, chemic methods of control, brain stimulation and others.
Psychodynamic therapy was developed by Sigmund Freud in the late 1800's and has then become a significant theory in the history of misdeed (Siegel, 2005). Freud believed, that every individual carries "residuum of the near significant emotional attachments of our babyhood, which then guides our future interpersonal relationships" (Siegel, 2005) The theory is a three-part construction consisting of the id, the ego and the super ego. The id is considered the underdeveloped of archaic part of our markup. It controls our need for food, sleep and other basic instinct. This role is purely focused on instant gratification. The ego controls the id by setting upwardly boundaries. The superego is the change of judging the situation through morality (Siegel, 2005)
Psychodynamic theorists believe that personality of offenders is id-dominated. Which means, that when they lose control of the agone their id of instant gratification takes over. Other issues causing control of the ego are poor social skills, excessive dependence on others, immaturity, etc.
Others believe, that offenders are moved by unconscious need to be punished past their previous sins. Consequently, "crime is a manifestation of feelings of oppression and people's inability to develop the proper psychological defense and rationales to keep these feelings under command" (Siegel).
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Reference:
- http://sociology.about.com/od/Deviance/a/Sociological-Explanations-Of-Deviant-Behavior.htm
- Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and cess. New York: Wiley.
- Siegel larry j. (2005). criminology the cadre 2nd edition. Thomson
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Source: https://www.e-criminalpsychology.com/criminal-behavior/
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